Category: Independent Sacramentalism

Doctrine / TitleRoman CatholicEastern OrthodoxIndependent Catholic (e.g. Old Catholic, CACA, OSST)1. Divine Motherhood (Theotokos)✅ Defined at Council of Ephesus (431)✅ Affirmed at Ephesus; central to Orthodox theology✅ Affirmed; considered foundational2. Perpetual Virginity✅ Dogma: Virgin……

1. What Is Apostolic Succession? Apostolic succession is the historic-theological claim that the authority Christ entrusted to the Twelve Apostles—especially to teach, sanctify, and govern the Church—is transmitted by the laying-on of hands (ordination)……